Webin disasters where a lot of people lose their homes, the impacts are not confined to a single city or town.

Webripple efects mapping (rem) is a qualitative method which can capture the wider impacts, and adapโ€ tive nature, of a systems approach.

They ripple outward, cascading into the surrounding.

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We identified 19 impact pathways within the example rem output (fig.

6), and as evidenced, many.

Webpresentation of the ripple effects mapping impact pathways.

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